Là J'étais

Russia and the Ottoman Empire

2010-11-09T16:42:00.000-08:00

The French Revolution that took place between 1789 and 1799 sparked ideas of reform and change that spread throughout Europe into Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Russia and the Ottoman Empire both embraced and fought reform in different ways. In Russia the tsar Alexander I had extensive ideas on peasant reform. Ideas that proposed a change in the traditional power balance. Alexanders initial implementations of reform granted liberties to Poland, but negated to grant the same changes to social structure in Russia. Primarily the disparity he showed between these two territories linked directly to his position of power. Though he believed in reform, he did not want to give up his ruling status and the landowners did not want to loose the advantage they had due to free labor. The "peasant question" that was brought up during his reign was left for his successors to answer. Around the same years in the Ottoman Empire, the sultan Selim III took inspiration from the concepts to fulfill military reform changes. However, many issues arose as the upper class opposed the reform because they had to pay higher taxes in order for Selim to finance the changes. There were many other ideas of reform that did not get implemented until years later under the following sultans, Muhmad II. He faced these challenges when he took the throne in 1808. The reforms that Muhmad enacted helped to modernize and westernize the empire. For both the Tsars of Russia and the Sultans of the Ottoman empire, the reforms that they brought about helped to bring their lands out of "backwardness."

In Russia the Decembrists were protestors of social oppression. They got their name from the attempted uprising that took place in December 1825. After this attempt the Decembrists created two secret organizations for military revolution, the Northern and Southern societies. Following the ideas of the Decebrists. "Alexander had dreamed of limiting autocracy and abolishing serfdom, but he intended, of course, to pursue the path of peaceful reforms from above. He believed that the end of the Napoleonic wars had created the best conditions to carry out those reforms" (6). When Napoleon was defeated, constitutional form was established in France and a great number of German states, even within Russia. Many plans were made for a constitutional reform in Russia. During all of the planning Alexander also worked on plans of eliminating serfdom. "In 1816-19, a peasant reform was carried out in the Baltic region, giving the peasants freedom without land" (6). This act was a great chance for Alexander to do the same, but he did not put into effect the reforms. As tsar, Alexander came up against the opposition of the landowners whose peasants he was trying to free. After Russia defeated Napoleon the worlds view of Russia seemed resolute. Aleksandr Shishkov said "Under such circumstances, it would appear that if it really were necessary to make some changes, this is not the time to consider them" (7). The situation was working in Russia for the rich upper class. As time moved forward and the landowners liked how things were Alexander began to push less and less for reform. "Alexander himself began to lose interest in the idea of reform, and particularly in the prospect of limiting his own power... he would gladly have granted liberty to the entire world on the condition that everyone voluntarily submit exclusively to his will" (7). Alexander I died in November 1825.

After Alexander died Nicholas I took the throne a few months later. He believed that there needed to be strict military discipline in control of the society to strengthen autocracy. "It would be a mistake, however, to think that his policies consisted solely of authoritarian and repressive measures" (9). He thought that reforms should start at the top, in the form of laws, that reforms were to happen gradually and not from revolutions and "rash dreams" of the people. It was necessary for Nicholas to strengthen the control over society to give him a stable basis to implement change in the country. "To strengthen autocracy as much as possible and to introduce gradual reforms under its sponsorship, to prepare Russia in an unhurried fashion for a transition to a new course of development-that was Nicholas I's political program" (9). During his time in power Nicholas had many secret committees work on solutions to the "peasant question." Freeing the peasants was and idea that upset the landowners. They were what Nicolas saw that the "most important pillar of the autocracy."

It was difficult for Nicholas to implement the changes because there was already a "balance of forces" in place. There was a balance but the peasants were also stirring. If the powers above did not start to implement reform then there was going to be a social explosion from below. Pavel Kiselev wrote "The more I see, the more I fear a peasant uprising that would threaten the tranquillity of Russia..." (13). Between 1837 and 1841 Kiselev helped to implement a series of reforms that had the government resettle peasants to unpopulated districts on government land that they could use to make a profit. Some of these reforms were to prevent epidemics, create small credit institutions, establish hospitals, veterinary and agronomy centers, create warehouses of food incase of famine, develop school and increase the number of students attending.

Nicholas' government had a lot of trouble putting reforms in to action, but his efforts and the efforts of his governing body were not pointless, they set up the stage for the second half of the 1850's. "By the mid-1850s, at the middle level of administration in central departments of the government, a cohesive group of officials had emerged who were ready to take part in the reforms that were no imminent" (15). The middle level of administration had gathered relevant knowledge in large scale reforms. Around the same time as Russia was experiencing these ideas, the Ottoman Empire was also going through times of reform.

Selim III was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. During his time on the thrown he was inspired by the French Revolution. Like Nicholas I, Selim set in motion military reform. When Selim tried to institute change the notables rebelled along with the janissaries. In 1807 Selim was dethroned and Mahmud II became the next sultan. His reign lasted from 1808 until 1839. In order for Mahmud to gain the loyalty of the notables he had to obey the laws. With their loyalty the notables "agreed to supply troops and to the establishment of a modern army, and also to pay taxes levied after consultation with them" (56). The the army was disband and the military reform brought to a halt in order for the janissaries accept Mahmud. There was also a demand for the end to autocratic punishment that the sultan imposed.

Russia declared war on the sultan in 1828. The war ended with the Treaty of Adrianople was signed which granted autonomy to Greece, Serbia, and Rumania. This war opened the eyes to the people that a military reform, a modern army, was necessary. The janissaries lost support after that, the artisans and ülema were then open to the idea of a modern army. Two years later the empire got its first newspaper which was an important step in "the modernization of society" (57). After the decline of the janissaries the ülema lost their influence and could no long fight reform. As the society modernized, people began to learn European languages which brought the people into contact with more of the French Revolutionary ideas. Ideas of liberty and constitutionalism. "Embassies in the major European capitals, established by Selim III, were restored, permanently changing the impact of the West on the bureaucratic class" (57). With these ideas of constitutionalism the Sublime Porte, the bureaucrats, took away power from the Sultan by making him to comply with to 'constitutional' forms.

Unlike in Europe there was no rising middle class in the Ottoman empire. Instead the bureaucrats were claiming their power and forcing the sultan to yield to their programs. In Egypt, part of the empire, Mehmed Ali was founding a modern army and an industrial economy. The ideas that Memeh Ali had clashed with those of Mahmud. The Egyptians went to war with the Empire. The British Empire was behind the Ottoman Empire because Egypt was crucial in their route to India. As Egypt defeated the Ottomans Mahmud called on the Russians.

The Ottomans road to reform was encouraged and halted by the larger European nations. The empire's dependance on Europe was growing. Mehmed Ali was forced to return Syria to the Porte. The Porte had an economic monopoly in the empire that it ha to give up in the Treaty of Adrianople, allowing the emerging middle class to sell their produce at higher market prices. With the land code of 1858 and the the constitutional reform of 1908, the Ottoman Empire started to see the emergence of a middle class. The farmers who were growing cash crops on the lands that they farmed because of the land code of 1858 were the "capitalist farmers," they were they men of this new middle class.

Mahmud II died in June 1839. Abdülmecid I was his successor and the vision of reform was left to the bureacrats. Abdülmecid was lead to believe that if he carried out reforms that helped to moved the empire towards modernization that he would win over the support of Europe. The Tanzimat was his era of reform that lasted from 1839 to 1879. During this time of the Tanzimat, Adbülhamid II took the throne, his reign lasted from 1876 until 1909.

The first step made was the Charter of the Rose Chamber which was proclaimed in November 1838. It was the pledge for the beginning of a new era "with equality for all-Muslim and non-Muslim - the end of bribery and corruption and no punishment without trial, that is to say the establishment of the rule of law. the lives, honour and property of all Ottoman subjects were guaranteed..." (59). The Charter of 1839 was a step in the process of the secularization of the empire. The Porte was helping to put the reforms into effect. The empire was under the careful watch of the British empire and other European nations, if the empire were to stray from the path of reform these larger nations would push them in direction of change. The Ottoman Empire was part of the European Concert system but they were not granted equality, especially because The Porte, the Russian and the British all saw equality as very different things. For the Porte it was:

"equality before the law for all Ottoman subjects, with communal privileges restricted to religious affiars, and the religious community reduced to a congregation. For Russians, equality meant the extension of the religious communities' right to autonomy if no independence. [And] for the british, equality meant the equality of the millets as corporate communities and not equality between the Christians and the Muslims as Ottoman subjects as the Porte proposed" (60).

The Porte started educational systems to reach their equality. To have the subjects loyalty would be for the Sultan and the dynasty not for the communities that they lived in. The Empire had issues with the communities holding more loyalty to where they lived then in the Sultan, for example Egypt.

The Young Ottomans was a movement that grew out of the popular discontent with the privilege that the Europeans and Levantines had while the empire neglected the Muslim population. The Muslims did not receive the benefits of the Tanzimant. The Young Ottomans did not was the autocratic rule of the sultan and they did not think that reform could come about under his rule. The Porte's response was censorship and the movement had to move to France. Namik Kemal was journalist who had to leave Istanbul because of the Porte. He said that "it was impossible to go back to an imagined glorious past, but legitimate to adopt such practices as constitutionalism that had been already tried successfully in the West" (62). The rulers were trying to oppress this huge surge from underneath for reform, but to his point, it was not possible to stop. There was no going back and now a change had to be made. The Europeans had stopped real progress in the Empire because now "the empire had become part of the world market and its economy and political life was dominated by Europe. That was the shortcoming that had to be rectified" (62). The Empire became a playing field for the European powers and in 1878 the Congress of Berlin convened, by Bismark, which reassessed and altered the Treaty of San Stefano and thus the Empire lost about 40 per cent of their empire.

There was then a rapid change to constitutionalism. In December 1876 the Porte "proclaimed the inaugurations of the constitutional regime" (64). This allowed for elections in which the notables from each religious community could elect representatives to the assembly. the Sultan elected the members of the "Chamber of Notables." "In less than a decade [the reformers] had apparently managed to accomplish what had taken centuries in Euope, and what Russian reformers were able to achieve a generation later, and then only after a revolution. Moreover, the Assembly, representing the various millets, acted with surprising patriotism in the face of an ongoing crisis and war" (64). The Ottoman was able to achieve one of the biggest reforms of all, and they wee able to do it with out a violent revolution. Even with the constitutionalism of the Empire as they tried to consolidate their power there was outside pressure and slowly European nations dismantled the Ottoman Empire by establishing protectorates over different territories that held advantages to them.

In both Russia and the Ottoman Empire reform was welcomed and opposed. Both had systems that worked for the people who were in power. As the influence of the French Revolution spread east to Russia and south through the Ottoman empire the ideas of reform started to seem more and more appealing to the lower classes. The upper classes, though not always in full favor of the reforms, they knew that they had to change somethings to stop an explosion for change from underneath them. The reforms that helped to bring the empires into the modern world, and out of the "backward" ways that they had held to for centuries. Their struggles were helped and exacerbated by the more powerful European nations. In Russia they were thought of as backwards and not really European so they were not thought of as equal and reform to a long time and many uprisings and a revolution. The Ottoman Empire experienced the same lack of inclusion from the European nations but they were used because of their routes to India and the economy used for the benefits of Europe. They were included but not equal. But unlike the Europeans the Empire was able to finally enact large reform fast than any nation in Europe, and with out massive, horrible uprisings.

the science

2010-11-09T16:33:00.000-08:00

The Effects of Global Climate Change on North Atlantic Deep Waters
Clare Robins
Lesley University

Abstract
North Atlantic Deep Water is one of the major factors in the regulation of earth’s climates. As global temperatures rise and the ice caps melt, the formation of deep water is at risk. Warm surface currents from the equator flow north, when they cool and become dense enough to sink. If this flow slows, northern Europe will cool as the rest of the world is faced with continuously rising temperatures, rainfall in Africa and India with change, and South American hurricane patterns with shift. The changing of the Atlantic circulation will have a massive impact on the global climate. Evidence and data from past global climate changes and changes in ocean water circulation and deep-water formation all point to direct correlation between the events.

Introduction
One of the biggest sources of deeps waters is surface water that travels north from the equatorial regions and sinks in the North Atlantic, mainly on the east coast of Greenland. In the north Atlantic water that has traveled north from the equatorial regions transporting heat and salt meets the cold winds of the north, this forms North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). Deep water is the densest in the oceans; it is approximately 3.98 degrees Celsius (39.164 degrees Fahrenheit) (Horn, 2009, P. 1) and has the highest salt content, approximately 34.96 psu (practical salinity units) (Duptessy, 2007, p. 3). The formation of deep waters and its circulation though the oceans is a major role in the temperature regulation of the globe.

Formation of NADW
The North Atlantic Gyre brings warm water up the east coast of North America via the Gulf Stream, which is full of salt, this water is cooled by the dry and cold winds that blow of the coast of east Canada. This warms the winds but cools the water. As the water becomes cooler it becomes denser. By the time the water reaches the North Atlantic it is dense enough to sink to the bottom of the ocean. It is by this process that ocean waters move around the globe (Bazilchunk, 2009). The wind that cools the water becomes warm from the sea to air heat transfer. The warm winds blow to Europe, thus making South East Europe’s climate warm. This warming process will not continue as deep-water formation is decreased. The largest quantity of deep water created in the east and west of Greenland in the Denmark Strait and Labrador Sea. “The Greenland Sea has long been known as an important area for deep-water formation… When water sinks during the process of deep-water formation, it must be replaced by surface water, which is transported in with the North Atlantic Drift” (Climate and Pollution Agency, 2008, p.5).

Thermohaline Circulation (THC)
As NADW flows from the North Atlantic to the South Atlantic then through the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean (Figure 4) it is flowing the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. As it flows though this current it become less dense and begins its path back to the surface, which it reaches in the North Pacific. When it reaches the surface it will rejoin with warm water circulation (University Of Illinois, 2004). “Thermohaline circulation is driven by differences in seawater density, caused by temperature and salinity” (University Of Illinois, 2004, p.3). This movement of water occurs very slowly; it takes thousands of years for deep water to become part of surface water again. THC, as opposed to wind-driven currents and tides due to the gravity of the moon, is driven by fluxes of heat and freshwater on the sea surface and the mixing of heat and salt (thermo-haline) (Rahmstorf, 2006). “The term thermohaline circulation thus refers to a particular driving mechanism; it is a physical, not an observational concept” (Rahmstorf, 2006, p.1).

Past Changes in NADW
The last ice age, which spanned from 120,000 to 10,000 years before present (BP), was marked with several abrupt changes in the climate. The Greenland ice core data shows more than 20 events, known as Dansgaard-Oeschger events (Rahmstorf), which were periods of time when the climate got warmer. “Dansgaard-Oeschger events typically start with an abrupt warming by around 10°C (18°F) within a few decades or less, followed by gradual cooling over several hundred or thousand years” (Rahmstorf, p.4). These events though strongest in the northern Atlantic region are seen in data from around the world (Rahmstorf).
NADW production has decreased or stopped approximately four times between 15,000 and 10,000 14C (which is a radiometric dating method using naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14) (Keigwin, Jones, Lehman, and Boyle, 1991). These changes also occurred when there was an event of snow and ice melting creating melt water, which sits on the surface of the ocean. “In addition, each of these times may be associated with brief episodes of cooler climate in the North Atlantic region” (Keigwim, et al, 1991, abstract).
Approximately 14,500 years ago, the ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere had started to melt, this means that global temperatures were rising. While these changes on land were occurring, changes in NADW were also occurring (McManus and Oppo, 2006). There was more NADW in the depths of the Atlantic basin and it was moving southward, as more warm water was flowing north from the equatorial regions (McManus and Oppo, 2006). However, this warming trend stopped abruptly. At the End of the last ice age from 12,800 to 11,500 years BP when temperatures had warmed to near-interglacial levels and the ice sheets were receding, within decades the temperatures dropped back to glacial levels (Rahmstorf). “Average air temperatures dropped by at least 5°C (9°F) within a few decades and stayed that way for a 1,000-year cold snap. Simultaneously, the presence and vigor of North Atlantic Deep Water dwindled” (McManus and Oppo, 2006, p.14).
Approximately 8200 years before present, there was what has been described as “the most extreme climatic anomaly in the Greenland ice core” (Kleiven, Kissel, Laj, Ninnemann, Richter and Cortijo, 2008, p. 1); this event was a cooling of the climate. Many models have shown that a mass input of freshwater can be a trigger to altering deep-water formation and ocean circulation. Thus, when the proglacial Lake Agassiz flooded into the North Atlantic due to the retreating of the Laurentide Ice Sheet this could have been the cause of the cooling climatic event (Kleiven, Kissel, Laj, Ninnemann, Richter and Cortijo, 2008).
From climate models simulating these events, changes in the THC played a key role in the changes in climate. Mass amounts of fresh water entered the Atlantic; this reduced the surface salinity and thus its density, which repressed the sinking of water (deep-water renewal). This progression of factors caused the THC to shutdown. The fresh water also caused the location of deep-water formation to move north from more open waters south of Iceland to the Nordic Seas (Rahmstorf).

Rising Global Climates
The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has been increasing since the time of industrialization. CO2 is a greenhouse gas, which means that it traps heat. The oceans cover about 71% of the earth. They absorb twice as much solar heat as the atmosphere or land surface (Rahmstorf). The oceans have a huge heat capacity and not only do they moderate temperature changes; they play a major role in the transportation of heat around the globe. “Ocean currents move vast amounts of heat across the planet—roughly the same amount as the atmosphere does. But in contrast to the atmosphere, the oceans are confined by landmasses, so that their heat transport is more localized and channeled into specific regions” (Rahmstorf, p.1). Due to rising global climates, the ice caps are melting. Ice does not contain salt, so this creates a layer of salt-less water, which is less dense, that sits on top of the ocean. With this new water sitting on top, the winds do not become warmed since the warm water flows under this top layer, meaning that while global climates rise, Europe’s climate will drop, or warm less. Rising global temperatures is no longer being referred to as Global Warming, but Climate Chaos because very quickly what is global warming is predicted to reverse and become an ice age. “Most climate change models predict global warming will slow these flows, in part by altering a key component of the Atlantic’s circulation, called deep-water formation. If that happens, northern Europe will cool-or warm less severely-as the rest of the globe swelters” (Bazilchuk, 2009, p.1). However, Europe will not be the only place affected. Once the movement of the Atlantic changes, climate all over the global will be changed; shifts in the NADW and ocean circulation patterns will have effects on weather all over the world from African and Indian monsoon rainfall to South Atlantic hurricane patterns (Bazilchuk, 2009).

Disrupting Circulation with Fresh Water
According to McManus and Oppo, ocean circulation records from the last ice age until now, it is very clear that the rate at which the ocean circulates has a paramount impact on climate. The data that McManus and Oppo studied showed that when there was NADW filling the depth of the ocean and spreading south, the North Atlantic had a warm and for the most part stable climate. The data also showed that when there was less NADW, the North Atlantic had a colder and more variable climate (McManus and Oppo, 2006). As the climate warmed, and ice sheets melted releasing more and more melt water into the oceans, there as a growing layer of freshwater that was less dense and thus stayed at the top of the oceans. This slowed the formation of NADW because the freshwater would cool, but since it lacked the mass amounts of saline, it did not become dense enough to sink to the bottom of the North Atlantic. According to McManus and Oppo during the last ice age it is believed that natural ice dams that were holding back lakes of glacial melt water melted releasing mass quantities of freshwater to the ocean. This great influx of freshwater decreased the overturning circulation (2006).

Possible Future Changes
The evidence of changes in ocean circulation and deep-water production in the past and their connection to impacting and being caused by surface climate causes scientists to wonder if it will happen again (Rahmstorf). Warming and fresh water input both interfere with deep-water renewal and the THC. Increases in global climates will warm the surface waters of the ocean, thus causing surface density to decrease, which in turn reduces deep-water formation. Increases in global climates means warmer climates, which caused increased precipitation, meaning there will be wetter climates, especially over the northern Atlantic (Rahmstorf). This increase precipitation, along with the melt water, further decreases the density of the surface water.
According to Rahmstorf there have been many models to simulate what may happen with THC in different climate scenarios. There were three major scenarios that were predicted, first that the THC would be weakened between 15 and 50% in the next 50 to 100 years. Models that went beyond 2100 showed that the circulation could stabilize itself, so long as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are lowered and stabilized as well (Rahmstorf). The second scenario showed a complete shutdown of Atlantic THC, this was shown in models that had high GHG levels. One example of this that Rahmstorf gave was a quadrupling of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The third scenario was a regional shutdown of deep-water renewal, occurring in the Labrador Sea or the Greenland-Norwegian Sea (Rahmstorf). Multiple different models predicted these scenarios, and some showing that these major shifts will be seen possibly by 2020 (Rahmstorf). Both in model simulations and in the natural world, changes in deep-ocean circulation happen quickly. These studies have “help[ed] to define the minimum time scale for altering ocean circulation and demonstrates that it is rapid enough to be relevant for human societies” (Kleiven, Kissel, Laj, Ninnemann, Richter and Cortijo, 2008, p. 16).
Vellinga and Wood used the Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3) to predict potential responses of THC in a climate scenario. The HadCM3 model is an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (Vellinga and Wood, 2002).
HadCM3 is a fully coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM (AOGCM) that was used in UKCP09 for simulating the 17 transient projections of climate change. This means that both the atmospheric and the oceanic processes were included in the modelling, hence providing a realistic representation of the climatological processes. (UKCL09, 2009, p.1)
When Vellinga and Wood used the HadCM3 model they forced a temporary collapse of the THC by implementing a strong initial layer of fresh water to the North Atlantic. In Vellinga and Wood’s model, all that was needed was a layer of fresh water in the North Atlantic to shutdown THC. Rising global climates and the ice caps melting as an effect means that this influx of fresh water is happening, and it is possible that enough will enter the North Atlantic to shutdown THC. If this large influx of fresh water occurs in the North Atlantic, there is wide rage of issues that will be seen all across the globe (see section Global Effects).

Global Effects
The effects of NADW formation and THC are felt around the world. Europe’s warm climate is due to the warm water that moves north from the equatorial regions. In the past 14,000 years droughts in the Sahel and tropical Mexico are concurrent with large inputs of fresh water into the North Atlantic (Street-Perrott and Perrott, 1990); these droughts would be caused by a slowing of THC. Less water would be moved north, which would result in colder surface waters. Colder surface waters would mean a decreased rate of evaporation, which in turn would mean less precipitation (King, 2010). “Between 1968 and 1982 colder, fresher waters in the Norwegian and Labrador seas, indicative of decreased NADW production, have been correlated with decreased precipitation over West Africa as the tropical rain belt shifted southward” (King, 2010). The Northern hemisphere would experience cooling (locally up to 8 °C, 1–2 °C on average), this cooling would reduce soil moisture and thus reduce the productivity of vegetation. The Southern Hemisphere would experience mild warming (locally up to 1 °C, 0.2 °C on average) (Vellinga and Wood, 2002). The Intertropical Convergence Zone may shift southward, which would change precipitation patterns in South America and Africa. “The total global net primary productivity by the vegetation decreases by5%” (Vellinga and Wood, 2002).

Concluding Remarks
If the current trends of global climate change continue, the formation of NADW and thus the THC could be stopped. Global climates are deeply connected to NADW and THC, the world has entered into a period grater than global warming and global climate change, now it is “climate chaos.” The rise in global climate is causing an influx of fresh water into the North Atlantic, which is changing the density of the top layer of water. When the warm waters from the equatorial region come north, the process of deep-water formation will be altered. Large-scale changes in the climate related to deep-water formation and ocean circulation happen quickly, both in the natural world and model simulations making these changes relevant to human societies, who will live though and see the effects and changes due to the changes in NADW formation and THC.

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Vellinga, M and Wood, R.A. (2002). Global Climatic Impacts o a Collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline Circulation. Climatic change 54, 251-267http://74.125.113.132/search?q=cache:3JmBoLW-2REJ:www.ocean.washington.edu/people/faculty/luanne/classes/pcc586/papers/vellingawood_thc2002.pdf+Vellinga+and+Wood&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=safari

i woke up today in a very simple way

2010-03-24T08:40:00.000-07:00

for the past few weeks i have been in this kind of fog. supper lame and no fun at all. and after trying to deal with all of the bridges i attempted to burn in my furry of stupidity. i woke up yesterday and felt like this whole load of weight i had been burdening myself with was gone.

i feel like there is no way i could have gotten through everything i need to in that state of mind i was in. and now i feel great. i only wish i knew what changed.

port o'brien has always spoke the words that describe how i feel on these days.

i woke up today in a very simple way
in the morning all i could do was sing
i was thinking of things the blue ocean brings
the way it glows, the way it always knows
that when you lose something like a golden diamond ring
you will know that it will show the way the ocean always knows

(oh)

yes, i understand i cannot live on this land
but does that truly mean i have seen all that can be seen?
as for now i will stay in the oven i will bake
as you sit down to pray into the river i will wade
i woke up today in a very simple way

i like to add images to all my posts. i see the whole world in this manner. and i like to share it the same way, especially when i feel like my words cannot come close to expressing how i feel.

this photo was taken in san francisco and i feel like it just works. with the light and the perspective.

dogs... cats.... rats.... fish....?

2010-03-13T08:33:00.000-08:00

i have been though rodents and cats and fish looking for the right pet.

and dog you train, you dedicate day after day after day training your dog, being with your dog. building that relationship that lasts forever. but who has time for that? i don't. and cats they are either to needed or they want to to leave them alone. finding that perfect cat who wants the same mount of love time-alone time as you is nearly impossible.

rodents really just smell and make a lot of noise.

and fish, they can't cuddle you. you can't touch them. they are skittish. but they are majestic. and maybe i just have a thing for sea life, but a full grown redtail catfish is amazing.

i mean if i really had it my way i would out a good size portion of the ocean and have a pod of orcas as a pet... well really i would probably be their pet but either way....

but i feel as though with fish, even without the physical contact, they have this way of being so there. and so present. for me being around them is so peaceful...

i think i found my lifetime friends.

(amazing picture taken by my very talented girlfriend jesspowell @ the academy of the sciences.)

california academy of the scinces

2010-03-12T22:27:00.001-08:00

at the california academy of the sciences there is currently an exhibition on climate change that is largely based in the viewers life. each section has a focus on what we as individuals can do to limit our carbon footprint, to help combat global warming.

this section allowed for the viewers to roughly calculate their own foot print.... good news my girlfriend and i have a very small one!! and it help to point out specific ways in which you can significantly cut down on your use of power, gas, and other excess.

this one was the section that hurt me. i love food. i love to eat, i love to try knew foods and i love my old favorites and don't think i will ever be able to give up pizza. here it allowed you to calculate according to your food how much you were emitting. incorporating production and such, it was a sad day for a food lover like myself...

sfmoma.... images bring so much to mind

2010-03-10T09:03:00.001-08:00

we see so many images, everywhere we go bombarded with them. but sometimes, for sentimentality, sometimes for their absurdities, and sometimes even without reason they resonate with us, stay with us. and sometimes they disappear, fade out of your consciousness and sometimes you will never forget them.

when i saw this drawing, it reminded me of my dad. how he would draw buildings everywhere we went. they looked a lot like this one. that just reminded me of last spring break when i went with him to vermont. and now this spring break here i am on the west coast.

and the models that he would make. made childhood at his office so much fun.

dina bursztyn - findings from the ArTchelogical

2009-03-14T18:56:00.000-07:00

"found art" exhibit at the open studio art gallery in woodstock, ny

america the gift shop - phillip toledano

2009-03-14T18:39:00.001-07:00

installation art show at the woodstock center for photography.

"if american foreign policy had a gift shop, what would it sell?"

though i think the thought behind this installation is interesting, i also think that the execution of it is tacky, for lack of a better word. and though the purpose of the installation was to comment on "the current foreign policy in the fun-house mirror of american commerce, which could be perceived as tacky, the final product didn't meet my expectations.

Spain... Espana

2008-08-24T21:06:00.001-07:00

while in spain i read homage to catalonia and for whom the bell tolls. it was an experience unlike any other. barcalona is a city that i would love to live in one day; full of history and art and stories. i learned of the different regions and peoples, and from what i learned this image spoke stongly to the vocal but passive way of catalonians.